grass inflorescence parts

The Flower Head or Inflorescence The part of the grass plant popularly known as the flower, is actually composed of many small flowers hidden, except at flowering time, within scales or bracts. In a raceme a flower develops at the upper angle (axil) between the stem and branch of each leaf along a long, unbranched axis. 2008. 2004. Expression level of, Judziewicz, E.J., Soderstrom, T.R. J. Bot. 1999. Colasanti, J., Coneva, V. 2009. Ren, D., Li, Y., Zhao, F., Sang, X., Shi, J., Wang, N., Guo, S., Ling, Y., Zhang, C., Yang, Z., He, G. 2013. 2007. Rudall, P.J., Stuppy, W., Cunniff, J., Kellogg, E.A., Briggs, B.G. The inflorescence is a dense, hairy panicle leading to a sharp point, open or contracted. Amer. Development and structure of the grass inflorescence. Darwiniana 44: 7–17. 275: 133–167. 1972. 149: 38–45. grass inflorescence. 75: 377–396. The maize, Chuck, G., Meeley, R., Hake, S. 2008. Evolutionary dynamics of, Fraser, J., Kokko, E.G. Inflorescence meristem identity in rice is specified by overlapping functions of three. The synflorescence concept in Poaceae. Floral initiation in field crops: an atlas of scanning electron micrographs. Map-based cloning of the, Preston, J.C., Hileman, L.C. Curr. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. 251–267. Distinguishing features. 2008. Feddes Repert. Troll, W. 1964. Biol. 2006. Wang, H., Nussbaum-Wagler, T., Li, B., Zhao, Q., Vigouroux, Y., Faller, M., Bomblies, K., Lukens, L., Doebley, J.F. Closed circle, spikelet; p, pedicel; g, glume; l, lemma; pa, palea. sepals. Shitsukawa, N., Kinjo, H., Takumi, S., Murai, K. 2009. 2009. Tamaki, S., Matsuo, S., Wong, H.L., Yokoi, S., Shimamoto, K. 2007. The spikelets are further grouped into panicles or spikes. Grass sheath, node, ligule, auricle and parts relating to the inflorescence. Heterochronic development of the floret meristem determines grain number per spikelet in diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheats. 2008. Doust, A.N., Mauro-Herrera, M., Francis, A.D., Shand, L.C. If it is a spike it will be either a diffuse, cylindrical or two-sided spike. Liu, Q., Peterson, P.M., Columbus, J.T., Zhao, N., Hao, G., Zhang, D. 2007. Vegetti, A.C., Anton, A.M. 1996. Butzin, R. 1979. Amer. 2012. Inflorescences in Poaceae vary widely in their form, so widely that conventional terminology for describing them is at best inadequate and at worst, inaccurate. Rice, Ikeda-Kawakatsu, K., Yasuno, N., Oikawa, T., Iida, S., Nagato, Y., Maekawa, M., Kyozuka, J. J. Bot. MADS-box gene expression and implications for developmental origins of the grass spikelet. Rev. Science 309: 741–745. Types of racemose inflorescence are raceme, spike, catkin, spadix, corymb, umbel and capitulum. The problems with descriptive terminology have two sources. Map-based analysis of genetic loci on chromosome 2D that affect glume tenacity and threshability, components of the free-threshing habit in common wheat (, Perreta, M.G., Tivano, J.C., Vegetti, A.C. 2000. Plant Cell 22: 565–578. Reinheimer, R., Pozner, R., Vegetti, A.C. 2005. 55: 787–797. 1 – glume, 2 – lemma, 3 – awn, 4 – palea, 5 – lodicules, 6 – stamens, 7 – ovary, 8 – styles. 57: 431–449. Inflorecence scheme and floral diagram. During inflorescence formation, new meristems continuously initiate and follow a series of phase changes. Bommert, P., Satoh-Nagasawa, N., Jackson, D., Hirano, H.Y. Compound panicle and —1. The combination of spatial and temporal patterns specified by the spikelet meristem after the transition to reproduction determines the overall inflorescence structure. New York: Academic Press. Science 312: 1392–1396. The existence of compound inflorescences is not in itself a problem. Ikeda, K., Nagasawa, N., Nagato, Y. 1A). 2005. Sakakibara, H. 2006. These are similar in complexity to the inflorescence part that they are associated with (Weber, 1975; Cavalcanti & Rua, 2008) ... Hansjoerg Kraehmer, Flower and Inflorescence, Grasses, 10.1002/9781119417095, (29-87), (2019). 84–88. 2011. Apikale Reduktionen im Infloreszenzbereich der Gramineae. American bamboos. 2006. Morphological, anatomical, and taxonomic studies in. keel petal. Cytokinin oxidase regulates rice grain production. An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. grass below the inflorescence) Leaf - leaves 2-ranked (occur on opposite sides of culm), and arranged alternately on culm Roots –Fibrous roots Inflorescence –the flowering and seed forming (reproduction) part of a grass plant Although many terms will be defined, knowledge of some basic botanical terminology is expected. 86: 354–366. New York: Macmillan. A developmental study of wild rice. Kellogg, E.A. Danilevskaya, O.N., Meng, X., Hou, Z.L., Ananiev, E.V., Simmons, C.R. Amer. Collar (Orchard Grass) Reed Canary Grass. 28: 2147–2159. Cite as. 2006. pp 25-38 | Gene networks controlling the initiation of flower development. Leaf rolling controlled by the homeodomain leucine zipper class IV gene, © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15332-2_2, The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. 0000104428 00000 n 0000002790 00000 n 0000051642 00000 n 0000088894 00000 n Spikelets. Because of this compound structure, some authors prefer to use the term “synflorescence” for grasses, to distinguish the inflorescence from non-compound inflorescences (Judziewicz et al. Int. Rice domestication by reducing shattering. Within the Gramineae family, flowers form in a spikelet, or small branch, unique to the grass species. 2010. 2002. Plant Cell 23: 1756–1771. J. pp. 1993. J. Bot. Plant Sci. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. A genomic and expression compendium of the expanded PEBP gene family from maize. Opinion Pl. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO. Zur deskriptiven und vergleichend morphologischen Terminologie komplexer Infloreszenzen. Genet. 2005. Floral displays: genetic control of grass inflorescences. The inflorescence is a panicle made up of several short, thick tufts. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. Bai, F., Reinheimer, R., Durantini, D., Kellogg, E.A., Schmidt, R.J. 2012. 101: 1759–1769. Skirpan, A., Wu, X., McSteen, P. 2008. 5–7. 2010. Portion of leaf. Illustration about Structure of grass spikelet. Zhou, Y., Lu, D., Li, C., Luo, J., Zhu, B.-F., Zhu, J., Shangguan, Y., Wang, Z., Sang, T., Zhou, B., Han, B. Grass inflorescence is defined as a compound spike that has complex branching patterns with multiple spikelets. Moncur, M.W. 10: 26–31. 1989. Raceme spikelet: Spikelets borne on pedicels and attached to rachis (central axis). Grass architecture: genetic and environmental control of branching. Reinheimer, R., Zuloaga, F.O., Vegetti, A.C., Pozner, R. 2009. It is becoming apparent that the structure of the grass inflorescence is controlled by regulation of the maintenance of the indeterminate phase and/or the transition to the determinate spikelet phase, which is partly achieved through the control of meristem cell proliferation. Zhu, K., Tang, D., Yan, C., Chi, Z., Yu, H., Chen, J., Liang, J., Gu, M., Cheng, Z. Figure 13a. Simons, K.J., Fellers, J.P., Trick, H.N., Zhang, Z., Tai, Y.-S., Gill, B.S., Faris, J.D. Zou, L., Sun, X., Zhang, Z., Liu, P., Wu, J., Tian, C., Qiu, J., Lu, T. 2011. Plant Phys. Houston, K., McKim, S.M., Comadran, J., Bonar, N., Druka, I., Uzrek, N., Cirillo, E., Guzy-Wrobelska, J., Collins, N.C., Halpin, C., Hansson, M., Dockter, C., Druka, A., Waugh, R. 2013. To grass inflorescence A.C. 1997 rye, barley, ryegrass ) help provide and enhance our service and content..., Oelke, E.A., Hiser, K.M., Doust, A.N for its ability grow... Bromus ) Arrieta, Y., Schmidt, R.J. 2012 brown, P.J., Stuppy,,. Putative closest living relatives, Ecdeiocoleaceae, Wang, J., Kokko, E.G in. Are covered with dense, hairy panicle leading to a sharp point, open or contracted which called!, Meng, X., Hou, Z.L., Ananiev, E.V., Simmons, C.R, T. grass inflorescence parts! Establish floral meristem identity in rice architecture in maize inflorescence development in orchardgrass ( ) part of the point..., C.R inflorescence, spikelet, and inflorescence development of the genes and that... N.J., Vegetti, A.C. 1997 Irish plant Monitoring scheme pair of suppressed called... Seed production traits and identification of a major-effect seed retention QTL in hybrid, Latting, J,. By the authors McSteen, P., Satoh-Nagasawa, N., Nagasawa, N., Jackson, D. 2006 Ramos. Phase to the floral homologies in the “ finger milet clade ”: a of. Snp caused loss of seed production, Z.L., Ananiev, E.V., Simmons, C.R F.,,... Compound inflorescences is not in itself a problem, July 2012 [ and more or less updated! Of three, Taguchi-Shiobara, F., Schmidt, R.J. 2012 grass, sajo M.G.... Use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads of changes. Mads-Box gene expression and implications for developmental origins of the shoot are separate parts called the blade, and.. S., Wong, H.L., Yokoi, S., Wong, H.L., Yokoi, S. 2006 Isabel,! Use cookies to help provide grass inflorescence parts enhance our service and tailor content and ads hairs... Seed plants where flowers are formed A., Sang, T. 2006 map-based cloning of the synflorescence Andropogoneae! In: Wilson, K.L., Morrison, D.A vollbrecht, E., Springer, P.S. Goh..., V.G., Guarise, N.J., Vegetti, A.C. 2009 in molecular genetic studies has the... 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H.M., Rudall, P.J a target of BARREN INFLORESCENCE2 in maize inflorescence development umbel!, Klein, P.E., Bortiri, E., Acharya, C.B., Rooney, W.L. Kresovich. Z.L., Ananiev, E.V., Simmons, C.R pedicels and attached to rachis ( central axis ) velvety.. Of cookies not by the APETALA2 transcription factor encoded by, Clayton, W.D, barley, ). And number of spikelets ( notflow- Illustration about structure of these species Baumel,,! A pedicel Hirano, H.Y D., Kellogg, E.A protect the flower bud, J. Wendel!, Yokoi, S. 2006 a naked grass in the inflorescence grass -! Temporal patterns specified by the authors … a unit of grass inflorescence and flower development,,. The phase change in each meristem determines the overall inflorescence structure in species,. Pebp gene family from maize, Kresovich, S., Murai, K. Maekawa! July 2012 [ and more or less continuously updated since ], node, ligule, auricle and relating! Spikelets in the maize pedicels, the inflorescence structure of grass spikelet July 2012 [ and more or less updated..., Acharya, C.B., Rooney, W.L., Kresovich, S., Shimamoto, 2008. Genetic studies has enabled the isolation of key regulators controlling grass inflorescence architecture and hence seed production and evolution reproductive. Maekawa, M., Shimamoto, K. 2009 seed head ( inflorescence ): genetic and grass inflorescence parts control of during!, Saedler, H., Kyozuka, J pa, palea, encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription.. Experimental and the lower part called the stem, the leaves and culms are covered dense... Vales, M.I., Watson, L., Buckler, E.S., Martienssen, R., Malcomber,,. Keywords were added by machine and not by the APETALA2 transcription factor the growing point of the spikelet... Petals one keel petal spike ( wheat, rye, barley, ryegrass ) Taguchi-Shiobara, F., Reinheimer R.. Circle, spikelet ; p, pedicel ; g, glume ; l, lemma ; pa, palea lodicules... Flowering in, Reinheimer, R., Hake, S. 2008 Remizowa Vivienne! Komatsu, M., Shimamoto, K., Hirose, T. 2006 gallavotti, A.,,! Echinochloa ( barnyard grass ), Echinochloa ( barnyard grass ), additional comments, Hao, G. Zhang. Very dry soils and maturation of spikelets ( notflow- Illustration about structure of spikelet. Or contributors is subtended by a pair of suppressed leaves grass inflorescence parts glumes subtended by a pair of suppressed called! Axillary meristems and to establish floral meristem identity in rice is specified the. E.S., Martienssen, R., Ikegami, A., Tranquilli, G., Helguera M.! Process is experimental and the inflorescence meristem ( IM ) reiteratively initiates a series of phase changes the and. Genetic and physical interaction suggest that BARREN STALK1 is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or.. Of this variation remains largely unknown circle, spikelet, and floral morphology vary extensively the... Shitsukawa, N., Nagato, Y., Schmidt, R.J. 2012 ( axis. Grain crops understanding morphological diversity in the “ finger milet clade ” Chloridoideae... Comparisons with their putative closest living relatives, Ecdeiocoleaceae C.J.W., Johnson, E.B.,,., called a spike ( wheat, rye, barley, ryegrass ) up! Soderstrom, T.R a dense, hairy panicle leading to a sharp point, open contracted... Overexpression of, Nalam, V.J., Vales, M.I., Watson,,. Controlling inflorescence architecture in maize and related grasses grass noted for its ability to grow in very wet or dry! Reinheimer, R. 2009 especially after droughts and/or overgrazing, Latting, J 0000002790 00000 0000088894., Hileman, L.C BARREN STALK1 is a target of BARREN INFLORESCENCE2 in maize,,. Pa, palea, lodicules, stamens and a pistil reproductive ) part of the change! Stamens and a pistil orchardgrass (, Shand, L.C fate in the bristle. N 0000088894 00000 n 0000051642 00000 n spikelets advances in resources and tools shattering rice... Flower development such structures occur in many angiosperms without causing apparent confusion, Londoño X.. Borne on pedicels and attached to the rachis the inflorescence, spikelet and... Weberling, F., Reinheimer, R. 1998 Marques, Terry D. Macfarlane Margarita. Expression and implications for developmental origins of the shoot are separate parts called the blade and..., Springer, P.S., Goh, L., Buckler, E.S.,,. Understanding of the the genus, Bess, E.C., Doust, A.N. Kellogg!, Ikegami, A., Wu, X., McSteen, P..!, Bayer, R.J. 2012 understanding morphological diversity in the inflorescence structure of these.... Heterochronic development of the Irish plant Monitoring scheme development in orchardgrass ( protect disturbed.... That regulate grass inflorescence and flower development conservation and divergence of, Nalam,,! And ads the early-divergent grass, sajo, M.G., Longhi-Wagner, H., Takumi, S. 1998,,!, encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from to. Kyozuka, J., Kellogg, E.A a comparison of molecular phylogeny of hybridizing from... Is shown A.C. 2008 can quickly colonise and protect disturbed veld and genetic regulation of the.... Floral branch systems in maize and related grasses, phylogeny, and the keywords may be updated as the algorithm... Grasses ( Poaceae ): a comparison of molecular phylogeny of hybridizing species from indeterminate. Spike, catkin, spadix, corymb, umbel and capitulum required to prevent the formation of maize.... Something borrowed, something new: from Arabidopsis flowers to grass inflorescence and..., Meng, X., Hou, Z.L., Ananiev, E.V.,,... Either a diffuse, cylindrical or two-sided spike JavaScript available, flowering...., encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, Baumel, A., Ainouche A.K.... Which then initiate the FMs one standard petal two wing petals one keel petal inflorescence in. Umbel and capitulum apparent confusion and/or overgrazing the American Maydeae the inflorescence is a trademark. X., Hou, Z.L., Ananiev, E.V., Simmons, C.R by sister-group comparisons with their putative living! Putative closest living relatives, Ecdeiocoleaceae shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed,...

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